الخميس، 31 مايو 2012

english for 2 bac


Science, and technology
The distinction between science, and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety.
Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference .
Cultural values
Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism or religiosity. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes are more highly honored than college professors, in part because the society values physical activity and competitiveness more than mental activity and education. Surveys show that voters in the United States would be reluctant to elect an atheist as a president, suggesting that belief in God is a value.
Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more general and abstract than norms. Norms are rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or bad. Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors at a funeral. They reflect the values of respect and support of friends and family.
Members take part in a culture even if each member's personal values do not entirely agree with some of the normative values sanctioned in the culture. This reflects an individual's ability to synthesize and extract aspects valuable to them from the multiple subcultures they belong to.
If a group member expresses a value that is in serious conflict with the group's norms, the group's authority may carry out various ways of encouraging conformity or stigmatizing the non-conforming behavior of its members. For example, imprisonment can result from conflict with social norms that have been established as law.


humor
I think that the best things to relief from stress is to watch some sitcoms or hear something funny like jokes ...person should develop his sense of humor and he should be cool , Comic and optimistic, because some expert of mental. health have noted that we can't imagine going through a day without laughter.
Humor will make every part of your life better.
It will help you trough difficult times and it will help you make the good times even letter, also i twill attract good people and good situations to you. So cheer up .

drop out of school
Increasing stress in school, at work, and at home has caused many students to drop out of school to escape their problems.
With this increasing amount of stress and work, some students have become very frustrated and depressed. Students then drop out of school and take the easy way out to eliminate some of that stress.
Students who are most likely to drop out of school are those who do not have a great interest in school, or students that have many adult responsibilities placed upon them. These problems can force some students into the work force. They do this both to provide money for themselves and to fill the gap that was once school.
Students in high school do not have to deal with these problems alone. There are guidance counsellors to talk to, as well as close friends and teachers to prevent certain students from.

Financial crisis
The financial repercussions of the crisis resulting from the mortgage crisis, which surfaced in 2007 because of the failure of millions of borrowers to buy houses and real estate in the United States to pay their debts to banks .
This led to a crisis for the American economy, reaching consequences to the economies of Europe and Asia in the process of throwing out a large number of major banks and international financial institutions .
Failed by the hundreds of billions of dollars pumped into global financial markets to put an end to the crisis in mortgages, which has been brewing beneath the surface, even evolved into a global financial crisis, has made no secret of many officials fear that the global economic systems DASHES up and its implications to many parts of the world


What is the swine flu
Disease, swine flu and severe acute respiratory disease, infects pigs and is caused by one or more of the swine flu virus type A. This is a disease, usually of high morbidity rates and low mortality rates (1% -4%). And spreading the virus between pigs through the mist and direct contact, indirect and pigs turned out to be non-disease symptoms. And records of outbreaks of the disease in pigs throughout the year, with a high incidence in the autumn and winter seasons in temperate regions. And many countries tend to vaccinate pigs against the swarms of the disease is routinely

Working children
Child labour is one of the problems that many countries face, there are various causes that drive children to work some of them drop out of school in order to help their poor or sick parents others have to work because they are orphans. In addiction some parents are ignorant they think education is a waste of time.
Working children face a tough life; in factories and mines they work in bad conditions no fresh air, long hours they may be injured by machines they are also deprived of education and childhood

Air pollution
air pollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollution in different ways .some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. young children and elderly people after suffer more from effects of air pollution people with health problems such asthma .heart and lung disease may also suffer more when the air is polluted the extent to witch in individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total to the damaging chemicals. The duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account. This s the end of paragraph I wish to benefit it ok

Cultural values
Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism or religiosity. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honour or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes are more highly honoured than college professors, in part because the society values physical activity and competitiveness more than mental activity and education
Young people
Old people are more annoying by far. They are so quick to degrade and stereotype younger people even though every group has had their criminals and bad apples. They are rude and think they can say or do anything to anyone without the other person having any recourse. I have been victimized numerous times by older people and all old people can do is keep degrading us. So I chose Young people because that has a no one can touch me attitude, demo and think they know everything

Science and technologiesThe distinction between science and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety. Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference .

Human rights
The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Cart, or Great Charter, which enumerates a number of what later came to be thought of as human rights.

Right of women
Nowadays we take it for granted that women have the same rights as men before the First World War few people believed this. As far as work was concerned there were jobs wish were regarded as women's jobs and other which were regarded as men's jobs. Women's jobs were generally lower paid as men's. Men did almost all the heavy jobs in industry or in transport. Women had jobs like dress-making, cleaning or worked as servants. Women's main role was as being to raise children and look for their home. Women were not expected to take position of leaders chip.
Women's role in development
Women's participation in development has vital benefits. In the case of morocco, this participation takes place at there main levels: the social this political and the economic. First, we can't ignore the active contribution of women in our society as nurses, teachers or mothers and wives. As nurses. women give help to patients in hospitals. as teachers ,they teach the young generation and the illiterate. as mothers and wives, they bring up kids tube good citizens. Second, there are many women who take leading position in the government with a desire to encourage democracy, and establish freedom and equal rights at the components of our society.

Citizenship
is membership in a society, community, city or town but now usually a country and carries with it to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. Citizenship status often implies some responsibilities and duties. It is largely coterminous with nationality although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen legally subject to
a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state. In most nations, a non-citizen is a non-national and called either a foreigner or an alien Citizenship,

International organization InternationalOrganization is a leading peer-reviewed journal that covers the entire field ofinternational affairs. Subject areas include: foreign policies, internationalrelations, international and comparative political economy, security policies, environmental disputes and resolutions, European integration, alliance patternsand war, bargaining and conflict resolution, economic development andadjustment, and international capital movements. Published on behalf of theInternational Organization Foundation

Drop out of school
Increasing stress in school, at work, and at home has caused many students to drop out of school to escape their problems. With this increasing amount of stress and work, some students have become very frustrated and depressed. Students then drop out of school and take the easy way out to eliminate some of that stress.

Brain drain
The migration of skilled individuals from developing countries has typically been considered to be costly for the sending country, due to lost investments in education, high fiscal costs and labor market distortions. Economic theory, however, raises the possibility of a beneficial brain drain primarily through improved incentives to acquire human capital. Our survey of empirical and theoretical work shows under what circumstances a developing country can benefit from skilled migration. It argues that the sect oral aspects of migration and screening of migrants in the receiving country are of major importance in determining the welfare implications of the brain drain. These issues, as well as the size of the sending country, duration of migration and the effect of Diaspora populations, should be addressed in future empirical work on skilled migration. Brain drain" is the phenomena whereby nations lose skilled labor because there are better paid Jobs elsewhere. In recent years, this has affected poorer countries more so, as some rich countries tempt workers away, and workers look to escape bleak situations in their poor home countries

Sustainable development
Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. The term was used by the Brandt and Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social .

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